1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
/ 5 
 
(    )
 : 3   :75
:    -    ,        
       
-
1. DBMS        DBMS   
   
2.      '         
        NULL      
-
3.       ,     
   
4.    ? BCNF, INF, 2NF  4NF     
2
Easy2Siksha
-
5.        SQL      
    
6.   '   SQL  -      
 
-
7.       
? -    
 
8.      :-
(a)   
(b) NoSQL
(c)  
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
/ 5 
 
(    )
 : 3   :75
:    -    ,        
       
-
1. DBMS        DBMS   
   
:    (DBMS)
    (DBMS)         
    ,            
                  
 ,               
 , DBMS               
    
  ,       

DBMS   :
1. :     (      )
2. DBMS :        
3. /:           DBMS 
  
4
Easy2Siksha
DBMS  :
 ,  ,  :         
     
 
 :           
           
   :   
        
   
  :           
    
DBMS  
1.   : DBMS   ,      -
 '              .
DBMS    
          
        
2.  : DBMS   
     (  ) 
        ,     ID  
 
  
3.  :         
      ,   
 ,  
           
4.  :DBMS  ,       
  
   '             DBMS
            
 
 
5.   :DBMS          
            , 
  ,             ,  
        -   
6.   :        
,             , 

     
7.     : DBMS -    
    (SQL),          
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
            
     
8.   : DBMS        
            
   
  
9.   :DBMS  ,         , 
       ,      
    
DBMS   
 DBMS         
  
             , 
              :
1. - 
2. - 
,        , 
-  ' 
  
        '   
DBMS  - :
         :
1.   (   )
2.   (  )
3.   ( )
   -  :
1.   (  ):
o              
  -       , ,
 
o           . 
    ,         
,   '      
o   -      
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2.   (  ):
o    ,            
         
o       (         
  ),            
 , 
     ( , ,  ),
       
o  ,    ,       
   ,        ,
     ,      

3.   ( ):
o      ,           
     DBMS   
o   , ,          
 DBMS    ,  ,     
     
o          '    
  
DBMS   :
 DBMS       -  '  
               
  
1.  :
o    '     (   )   
           
2.    :
o            ,  
               
         
    
  
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3.   :
o        ,  
 ,    
     
o DBMS       , 
    , 
     
4.  :
o           (  
    ),        '
    
      DBMS  -     
DBMS  :
1.  DBMS:
o   -          
            
       
2.  DBMS:
o             
,           ,    

          DBMS  
    
3.  DBMS (RDBMS):
o  DBMS           ( )  
        ()    
  (   )       
     MySQL, Oracle,  SQL   
4. - DBMS:
o ,          ,    
-        
         / 
     
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:
DBMS          ,   ,  
            , DBMS 
,                
      
   -   
 ,    
   -          
 DBMS  - ,  -   ,  
   
             
2.      '         
        NULL      
:  :  
   ,            
              
       
1.  :
o   ,            
      '      
        ,  
 
     ,         
  ,       ,   
       
2.    :
o           '    
 , -       , 
       ,     
 
        
3.  :
o             
       ,     
            , 
    "200"         
9
Easy2Siksha
   ,     

   
4.  :
o       -      
        -   -  
  ,    
        
,    ,     
    
5.  :
o              
             
          
  ,           
     
6.  :
o    
        
   ,         
,             
 
 
7.    (SQL):
o          SQL,    
   SQL    ,     
           
 
           ' 
 
8.   :
o             
 -        ,  
           
             
 
9.  :
o          
            , 
10
Easy2Siksha
            
       ,     
     
      
            ' 

 
  
 
       
   
     
   .
 
    
    



    
 
   
   

  '  .
 '  , -
  ' 
 
      
    
     ;
    


     
  
   
    
 

    
 
     
 
   
     
   
 
   NULL   

 ,  NULL         
    NULL
    ,           :
11
Easy2Siksha
1.  :
o NULL          ,  
       NULL ,       
  
       NULL    ,
       
2.   :
o NULL      
   , 
NULL             TRUE 
FALSE 
        SQL   
   ,         
 
3.   :
o      NULL      
 ,      NULL    
  
    ,    
   
   NULLs
     
 
4.    :
o  
       ,  NULL   
         ,  
NULL  
         ,  NULL   
   
 ,       
5.  :
o NULL           NULL  
 
,           
,     ,       
NULL  ,            
    
6.  :
o   NULL    
 ,      
          , NULL    -
     "N/A"        

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Easy2Siksha
7.  :
o   ,     
   
    NULL        
      ,         
 -      
NULL     
   NULL       :
1. -    :
o   NULL      , 
    
   ,      ,  
 NULL 
 "N/A"  ""    '    
2. NOT NULL    :
o     '      
,      NULL 
      
            
3.  :
o              
    ,    
  
 ,    NULL        
    
4.      :
o        ,    NULL   
       '    , 
       "  
"     

          ,    
,   ,  ,        
NULL       ,   ,  
            
      NULL     ,    ,
,  -     
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Easy2Siksha
-
3.       ,     
   
:        , ,   
             
   -  
 
1.   
 :             
     (     ),      
        
 ,      
   
 
       ()        ,  
 ()     
 
 :
 ():       
 ():     ,      , 
 
 ():    ,   , ,  
 :       (     ID
)
 :         
:
       :   
 :
_



1

20
.
2

21
 
14
Easy2Siksha
_



3

22

 :
_
_
DBMS
1
 
2

3
  , Student_ID      , Student_ID  
 ,       
:
: 
             
     
 :       ,     
      
:        
:
:             ,
          
:    ,          
     
15
Easy2Siksha
2.   
 :    -      ,  
      ,    --       
             
  ,           ,       
         ,    ()    
    
 :
-:-  
: -     
:  -     
  :   -      
:
     '       :
 ()
o  ()
 ()
    ' ,            
 
:
o  (HR)
 ()
 ()
o  (..)
 ()
 ()
  ,  - ,          
  ,     --   
16
Easy2Siksha
:
:      ,     ,    

 :   --    
 ,  
   
:
 :      
       
             ,    
 
:      , 
       
   
 :           -- 
   
 ,      
3.    
 :              
   ,       -   ,     
     
     ,    -   ,   --
     
 :
:        
:     -    
:          
 :       ,      

:
           ,    
    
:
o Professor_ID
o _
17
Easy2Siksha
:
o _
o _

 :
o Professor_ID
o _
,        ,          
     ,   --      
      ,          
 :
Professor_ID

1
: 
2
  
 :
_
_
101
DBMS
102
 
 
 :
Professor_ID
_
1
101
18
Easy2Siksha
Professor_ID
_
2
101
1
102
, .  ....     
 ,  .... .  
.               
:
:    ,    --     ,
  
 
:    
       , 

 
   :         
        
:
:             
    
   :          
    
   :         
   
   :

 
 
 

   

  
--   
- 

  ,   
,  
  

19
Easy2Siksha

 
 
 

( /
 )
 ( )
 (  
)

 ( ' 
 )
 (    )
(  )
 

   

  
 






 (SQL)
 (  -
  )
 ( 
  )
:
            ,
,     
            -- 
  ,       

             
 
        ,       ' 
    ,          
   ,         
20
Easy2Siksha
4.    ? BCNF, INF, 2NF  4NF     
:   -
 
    ,           
            
         ,      
             ,    
 
          ' ,  
        '        
  
            
     :
   :     '      
      
    :        
    ,             
  :        ,  
       
 
 -:      ,     
  
   
,      -        
                  
   
1NF (  )
1NF     '            
      1NF           
:
:               
   
 
s:           
  ,    '     ,     
  
    
:     
    
          
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:
              :
_


1

, 
2

,

  1NF     
 ""        
, 
 :
_


1


1


2


2


,  1NF   
      
2NF (  )
    1NF  ,         2NF   
   2NF             
-  (,        
)    
 '  
  
    : 2NF ,  -      ' 
  ,     
:
  '           ,    
     :
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_


1

 
1

 
2

 
2

 
, Student_ID       
   ""  
""  '   , "_" ' 
 2NF    
   , 
  :
1.  :
_

1

1

2

2

2. - :



 

 
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


 
, ""  "" '       '   ' 
, 
2NF-   
 
3NF (  )
  3NF     2NF        ' 
  '   3NF        
       -    -  '
  
   
: 3NF ,  -    -
 '  
  
:
  '  :
_
_

  
1


 
2


 
, "_" "" '   ,   "_" ',  3NF 
      , 
     :
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Easy2Siksha
1.  :
_
_

1


2


2.  :

  

 

 
,  3NF   
 "__"  ""  '  

BCNF (-  )
BCNF 3NF    ,       BCNF     3NF  
    (X → Y) , X         
              
:
  '  :
_


1

 
1

 
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Easy2Siksha
_


2

 
, "Student_ID"  "Course"    ,  "Instructor"  "Course" 
    BCNF     
 ""     
   , 
     :
1. - :
_

1

1

2

2. - :



 

 
  
         ,  BCNF- 

 
4NF (  )
  4NF       -  
  -  
          '     
,        
 -  
: 4NF ,       -  
 
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Easy2Siksha
:
                  :
_


1


1


1


2


  ,             ,   -
 
     , 
 :
1. - :
_

1

1

2

2. - :
_

1

1

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_

2

  
    -  
,  4NF-  
 

 ,   ,     -   
        1NF  4NF ( )    

                  '
 ,   
         
-
5.        SQL      
    
:    
    (RDBMS)      
           
   
,            .     
    
    :
1.   :    '     
                   
               
   ,            
     ,    ,   
     ""      book_id   ""
 ,    book_id     ""     
     
         
 
2.  :    
      
              ,
     ,     ""    
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       
      
      ,     ,    
      ""  
  -     
    -      
3.  :         , 
                :
o :       ,    
             
 
          
o NULL  :      ,     
NULL '           
 
      
       
   

o     
:     
  '          ,
         
o   :          
    '    
              
        ,      
4. -  :
o  :    ,  ""     
customer_id     ""   ..    
    
        
        ,      
    (   )  _ (SET NULL  
 )  NULL         
o  :  ""   ""   book_id 
               
              
         

o  : ""     
_     ""   ..  
              
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SQL    
SQL       -         
               :
1.   :
o INT:   (  )    : 1, 100, -25
o  / :-       , 
    : 3.14, 0.001
o :       ,    
 : 99.99, 123.45
2.   :
o CHAR(n): -  ,  n     
   n   ,        : CHAR(5)
"hi" "hi"   
o VARCHAR(n): -    n      
 CHAR    
  
    
 
: VARCHAR(10) ""    
o :        ,    

3.     :
o : YYYY-MM-DD      : '2024-09-
18'
o : HH:MM:SS       : '14:35:00'
o DATETIME:       : '2024-09-18 14:35:00'
4.   :
o :          ,  1 ()  0
()    
5.   :
o BLOB (  ):     ,   
      
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6.   :
o ENUM:             :
     ENUM   '', '', 
''      
o SET: ENUM              
  

    
         
               
  ,       ,    
 
    , SQL         
                , 
     
  ,       
             
6.   '   SQL  -      
 
: SQL    
SQL,    ,          
    , ,         ( CRUD
    )   , SQL        
 ,             
 :   
SQL   , 
          
 , , ,         
 1:    
,               .   
 :
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BookID:   (  )    
:    (100  )
:    (100  )
:   ,       (    )
:  (  )        
 2:     
      , 
       INSERT  
    
  , 
        
 3:   
        ,  
    
                
   
:      
  
"1984"   $8.99  $9.99      
 
:
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:    
 
"  "     ,       :
 4:  
      
 ,  
 DELETE    
     
:   
 
"To Kill a Mockingbird"     ,  
  
:
 5:   
                 
           
1.  
  (  )        
  , 
      :
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:      
:     
2.   
 
           

 ,  
     :
 6:    
       ,       
      SELECT       
:    
     , 
:
            
 

          :
:        
 
        ,  
  :
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 
SQL         '      
:     
           , 
:

        , 
      
 SQL      
        :
1.  :        
2.   :     
3.      :     
4.  :      

5.   :      
6.       :         
 
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-
7.       
? -    
 
:    (DBMS)        
             -    
          
    -  
      
   
:
 -   ,    -       -
   ,           ,  
       :
1.  :     -         
  ,          ,  
          ,     ,
       ,       
  
2.  :      -       - 
        
    -  
       ,        
3.    s:   -    ,    
 ,       
  -    
 

4.  :       -       
    ,    -          
         
 
    ,      ,  
     ,   '      
       
  :
      , DBMS -      
    
          
           
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1. - :
              -  ' 
         :
  (S-):   -        
 ,      
   
    
     ,        
   
  (-):          
        -       
-      :
-  (2PL):   ,  -      :
1.   :          
 
2.   :    ,     
  
        -       ,   
  
  ,           -
,    -             ,  
 -  
 
  :     -      
                
  ,      
 -    
  
- :   ,         

     ,     ;  
,    
  -          
2. - :
 -       '        
     -       
  ,  -              
  
  : -     ' 
     -         
      -      ,  
          
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   (MVCC):   ,     
     -   ,        
     ,    -      
        -      

3. - :
  , -     :
1.  : -           '
  
2.  :   ,         
      
3.  :     ,      
 
     ,  -          
 -         
     :
1.   :      -     
 ,            

      ,      -   
 
2.  :        ,  - -
      ,   
    ,   
   
3.    (      ):  
-       -  '   ,
  -     ,   -     
      ,    -  , -
      
4.  :     
    -   
          ,    
   :
1.  :   
       ,   
 -    
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2. :         ,  
       
3.  :         ,
         
4.  : -  ,     

        -     
  
:
            -
    DBMS        ,  
 ,  ,  - ,   
             
   -      ,  
 
   
8.      :-
(a)   
(b) NoSQL
(c)  
: ure!      (DBMS)     
              ,
NoSQL,            
  
(a)   
   ,        
  - 
 " "    - , ,      
      
      ,    
      
 
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    :
1. :              
 
2. :    
   '       
 ,  ,          
   
3. :       
    (  ), -
 (     ),  - (  XML ) 
 
4. :  ,         
5. :        ,      
.
    
?
       :
   :  ,      
             
   :   '  -   
    
  :-       ,
     
   :         
 ,       
      :
:         
 :         
:              
     
    :
 -    '          
    ,       ,    
           
40
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(b) NoSQL
NoSQL       
       
               
       (  SQL)  , NoSQL  
        '  
 
NoSQL  
?
:   ,    -   (, , ) 

 ,  NoSQL        
:NoSQL            
             
:NoSQL   /      ,   
     -   
  
NoSQL   :
1. - :        ( JSON  XML)
: MongoDB
2. - :      ,  -   
    : Redis.
3. - :         ,  
        : 
4.  :          ,  
   
  : Neo4j.
NoSQL  :
-:NoSQL          

         
 
 :    , NoSQL     
      
:   NoSQL         
        ,       


41
Easy2Siksha
NoSQL   :
        , ,     ,
                 NoSQL
,   MongoDB,           -
     
(c)  
     , ,     
         
   
     ,        
    :
1.  :           
     ,       
2. SQL :           SQL
   ,         
3.  :         ,     -
    
4.  :              
             
    :
1. :           
 .     '  , ,  - 
(MFA)          
2. :      ,        ' 
     ,      
    ,      ,     
3. :          
         
    
 
4. :     
      (  
 )   ,         
5. :           , 
            
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    :
    :       
  ,    ,        
   :       
   
 ,    
 "    " 
   
    :      
        ,     
  :       
  '     
  :
:         
     
 :   (    )
   
       ,   

   (IDS):IDS          
        
   :
   '            
  ,      (     

),  (            ), 
  (          )
:
      ,      
             
    
NoSQL      , ,  -
   ,     -     

 
      , ,    
    ,      
     
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             ,      ,
             , 

            
:      Ai      ( )      
        , 
  '         